I’m still on paternity leave, but today I have an interesting post on the world of leasing from someone on the inside.
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The aircraft leasing business is an integral part of the aviation world, yet the travelling public knows relatively little about it. Currently about 38% of the world’s commercial fleet is leased. This figure is expected to grow to over 40% in just the next few years.
Ireland, you may be surprised to find out, is a bit of a hub for aircraft leasing. Nine out of the top 10 leasing firms in the world operate here. This is due to a few factors. We have favourable corporation tax rates and tax treaties that allow leasing companies to be competitive. In addition to this, there is a big pool of aviation expertise in our country. One of the first major players in the aviation leasing industry was Guinness Peat Aviation. After its dramatic demise, several companies rose from the ashes and ever since, Ireland has been a major player in global leasing.
But first, why do airlines need to lease planes – can they not just buy them, you might ask? Well yes they can, but owning your own aircraft can present problems.
Price
Aircraft are not cheap. You only need to look at the list prices of Airbus and Boeing to see just how pricey they can be. Therefore some airlines might not be able to afford aircraft, or in a bid to keep their balance sheets looking healthy might not want to have such large outlays. Leasing allows airlines a relatively cheap way of getting aircraft, as there isn’t the same extent of expenditure, and it stops their balance sheets from looking too asset heavy, tying up capital. Also from an operational point of view, it allows airlines access to newer planes and more fuel efficient aircraft. Cranky Air might be able to buy a 737-200 on the market, but could afford to lease a newer 737-800.
Economic uncertainty
The last few years have been a good example of why leasing planes can be a better alternative than owning them outright. When demand is unstable, the more flexibility you have in your fleet levels, the better.
Take for example Cranky Air, based in Long Beach. They buy 5 aircraft from Comac, yet owing to a major corporation opening a plant nearby they now have enough demand to have 8 aircraft in service – this is where a leasing company can be the airline’s best friend. They can step in and relatively cheaply (relative to buying an aircraft) provide them with aircraft to cater for the spike in demand.
Conversely, let’s say the largest employer in Long Beach were to shut up shop and Cranky Air now only needs 3 aircraft for the next two seasons. If they own the 5 aircraft they would find themselves in a major problem, trying to fill the aircraft or lease them out. However if their fleet was composed of a few leased aircraft, they could arrange for the early return of the aircraft, and with some penalty payments, address their capacity issues.
Here’s the view from the lessor’s perspective.
Risk
When dealing with a potential new customer, there will always be risk analysis done on the airline. Do they have a good safety record or have there been any incidents in their past? What are the chances they might not pay us? If a customer is risky, there are mechanisms to protect yourself as a lessor. This would be done by getting guarantees or large deposits that you can access in the event of default by the airline. If they are too big a gamble as an operator – don’t put your aircraft in there in the first place.
Maintenance
Long leases are better for the lessor than shorter ones. The fewer changeovers an aircraft does during its life the better! When an aircraft comes off lease with Cranky Air, in an all business class configuration (owing to a misplaced opinion that an all business class Long Beach – Topeka route was a guaranteed success), and we want to place the aircraft with a new operator, Concierge Air, who want it in an all economy lay-out, reconfiguring the aircraft comes at a huge cost to us. Lessors try to avoid bespoke aircraft lay-outs like this, a colleague of mine refers to them as “Aircraft with a sushi-bar and split galley.”
Other considerations are maximum takeoff weights (MTOWs), repainting the aircraft, and inflight entertainment systems. So if we can place the aircraft in 2 ten year leases, rather than four 5 year leases – this is incredibly beneficial to the leasing entity. Like commercial airlines, our planes don’t make money when they are sitting on the ground, so we also try and keep lead-in times between leases to an absolute minimum. Ideally, we like to have a new customer lined up for an aircraft before it even comes off lease with the previous operator. In an ideal world you would look to find a customer who wants the aircraft in its current configuration, but that isn’t always possible.
Legal
From a legal perspective an aircraft needs to be placed with airlines that aren’t surrounded by red-tape. Certain jurisdictions are typically avoided, as the red-tape to get the aircraft on lease and out at the end of the lease is too onerous and costly. For example, sometimes you see airlines across the world operating aircraft that are on the Irish register (EI-XXX), as their own national registers might be a nightmare to deal with.
The airline industry is unpredictable by its nature and despite all these checks, sometimes leases do not work out. The lessee might not maintain your aircraft as agreed, or simply not pay. If this happens you could negotiate with the airline for an early return, or if the relationship becomes hostile, you can use national/international authorities to seize the aircraft in a friendly jurisdiction who will be receptive to your plight. This could be done by an airport authority or someone like Eurocontrol, who may also be owed fees for the use of the same aircraft. It is typically easier to negotiate a compromise as seizing aircraft can get litigious and can restrict the use of the plane until it is all settled. A country’s aviation authority might not take kindly to you barging in and taking planes back, hence they could make your life hell trying to get the aircraft off the local register or drag you through the local courts.
In the future, it will become more likely that the planes you fly on will be leased as this area of the aviation world grows. Next time you fly, consider for a moment that you could potentially be on board a hired aircraft.
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David Soffe is a self-professed aviation nerd- he blames this on both his parents who worked in the airline industry. He is a Business and Law graduate from UCD Dublin. Currently he is working as a legal intern in an international aircraft leasing firm in Dublin. You can find him on Twitter @davidwilliamp.
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